Arthropod-induced allergic diseases are increasingly recognized as a major global health challenge in the Anthropocene. Climate change, urbanization, and ecological disruption are expanding human exposure to allergenic arthropods, including hematophagous ticks and synanthropic mites, thereby intensifying allergic sensitization and disease burden. In this review, we examine how arthropod-derived molecules disrupt epithelial barrier integrity, activate innate immune pathways, and promote type 2 immune polarization and IgE-mediated sensitization, exemplified by alpha-gal syndrome. We further integrate the epithelial barrier hypothesis with advances in component-resolved diagnostics, AI-assisted precision medicine, and One Health surveillance approaches to provide a systems-level perspective on arthropod allergy. Finally, we highlight emerging translational challenges and future directions for prediction, prevention, and personalized management of arthropod-associated allergic diseases in a rapidly changing environment.
International journal of biological macromolecules •
This study aimed to investigate the structural characterization, conformational properties, and hepatoprotectiveactivity of acidic polysaccharide (DNLPS-3) from Dendrobium nobile flower. DNLPS-3 with molecular weights of 15.65 KDa was composed of Fuc: Rha: Ara: Gal: Glc: Xyl: GalA: GlcA in a molar ratio of 0.26%: 2.38%: 4.47%: 3.55%: 0.43%: 17.84%: 69.80%: 1.26%. Structural analysis with methylation indicated that DNLPS-3 mainly contained T-Ara(f), T-Xyl(p), T-Gal(p)A, 3-Gal(p)A, 4-Gal(p)A, 3,4-Gal(p)A, 3,4-Glc(p), 2,4-Gal(p)A, 2,3,4-Gal(p), 4,6-Gal(p), 3,4,6-Gal(p). NMR results show that DNLPS-3 may be a pectin polysaccharide with →4)-α-Gal(p)A-(→main chain. In vitro experiments showed that DNLPS-3 exhibited significant hepatoprotective effects. The effect was achieved by reducing the activities of ALT and AST, suppressing the production of LDH and MDA, and enhancing the anti-oxidant activities of SOD and GSH, and the specific mechanism of its hepatoprotective effect is that DNLPS-3 up-regulates Nrf2/HO-1 pathway protein expression.