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Salivary gland proteins but not glycoconjugates have been previously studied in mosquito vectors of human diseases. Glycoconjugates from salivary gland-derived proteins from human-feeding tick vectors can elicit hypersensitivity reactions which may also occur with mosquito bites. Protein glycoconjugate in salivary glands of the principal arboviral vector Aedes aegypti and the rapidly spreading malaria vector Anopheles stephensi were investigated. Forty different lectins in a microarray were used to analyse glycoconjugates in salivary gland proteins from both mosquito species. Salivary gland glycoproteins of both mosquitoes possessed similar lectin-binding specificities. Lectin-binding profiles in both mosquitoes showed the significant presence of oligomannose N-linked glycans, O-linked glycans, a limited presence of glycan structures capped with terminal GalNAc, GlcNAc, β-linked Gal, αl-6 linked fucose, and no detectable sialic acids or terminal α-linked Gal in salivary gland glycoproteins. Aedes aegypti and An. stephensi possess similar salivary gland protein glycoconjugates to mosquito larval tissues. They differ from arachnid ticks in lacking detectable α-gal epitopes that are responsible for red meat allergy caused by tick bites.
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A •
Acellular porcine cornea (APC) has been used in corneal transplantation and treatment of the corneal diseases. Sterilization is a key step before the application of graft, and irradiation is one of the most commonly used methods. In this paper, APC was prepared by the physical freeze-thawing combined with biological enzymes, and the effects of the electron beam (E-beam) and cobalt 60 (Co-γ) at the dose of 15 kGy on the physicochemical properties, structure, immunogenicity, and biocompatibility of the APC were investigated. After decellularization, the residual DNA was 20.86 ± 1.02 ng/mg, and the α-Gal clearance rate was more than 99%. Irradiation, especially the Co-γ, reduced the cornea's transmittance, elastic modulus, enzymatic hydrolysis rate, swelling ratio, and cross-linking degree. Meanwhile, the diameter and spacing of the collagen fibers increased. In the rat subcutaneous implantation, many inflammatory cells appeared in the unirradiated APC, while the irradiated had good histocompatibility, but the degradation was faster. The lamellar keratoplasty in rabbits indicated that compared to the E-beam, the Co-γ damaged the chemical bond of collagen to a larger extent, reduced the content of GAGs, and prolonged the complete epithelization of the grafts. The corneal edema was more serious within 1 month after the surgery. After 2 months, the thickness of the APC with the two irradiation methods tended to be stable, but that in the Co-γ group became thinner. The pathological results showed that the collagen structure was looser and the pores were larger, indicating the Co-γ had a more extensive effect on the APC than the E-beam at 15 kGy.
Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences •
To evaluate the immunogenicity and osteogenic ability of animal-derived bone graft material decellularized with supercritical carbon dioxide. Porcine femurs were randomly divided into two groups after preliminary treatment, and decellularized with conventional method (control group) or supercritical carbon dioxide (experimental group). Allogenic demineralized bone matrix was used as positive control. Clearance rate of galactose-α-1, 3-galactose (α-Gal) antigen was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and residual DNA was detected by a fluorescence method. Nine SPF-grade male athymic nude mice of 6 weeks old were randomly divided into experimental, control and positive control groups. Samples were implanted over biceps femoris muscle of athymic nude mice. The explants were collected 4 weeks post implantation. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry were applied to determine the osteogenic ability and bone tissue-associated protein expressions of the implants. The clearance rates of α-Gal antigen in the experimental group and the control group were (99.09±0.26)% and (30.18±2.02)%, respectively (=58.67, 0.01). The residual DNA of the experimental, control and positive control groups were (13.49±0.07), (15.20±0.21) and (14.70±0.17) ng/mg. The residual DNA in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (=－13.41, <0.01) and positive control group (=－11.30, <0.01). HE staining results showed that multiple bone formation centers with active osteogenesis and rich bone marrow were observed in experimental group 4 weeks after implantation, but only a small number of bone formation centers were observed in the control and positive control groups, with no obvious osteoblasts present. Immunohistochemistry results indicated that the expressions of alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen typeⅠand osteocalcin in the experimental group showed an increasing trend compared with those in the control and positive control groups. Compared with clinically used allogenic demineralized bone matrix and bone graft material decellularized with conventional method, bone graft material decellularized with supercritical carbon dioxide exhibits lower immunogenicity and better osteogenic ability.
The study (PROSPERO: CRD42021240905) aims to reveal the relationships among red meat, serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers. PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane databases were explored through December 2021 to identify 574 studies about red meat and serum lipids markers including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), C-reactive protein (CRP) or hypersensitive-CRP (hs-CRP). Finally, 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1001 people were included, red meat and serum lipid markers and their relevant information was extracted. The pooled standard mean difference (SMD) was obtained by applying a random-effects model, and subgroup analyses and meta-regression were employed to explain the heterogeneity. Compared with white meat or grain diets, the gross results showed that the consumption of red meat increased serum lipid concentrations like TG (0.29 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.14, 0.44,<0.001), but did not significantly influence the TC (0.13 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.07, 0.33, = 0.21), LDL-C (0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23, 0.45, = 0.53), HDL-C (-0.07 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.31, 0.17, = 0.57),CRP or hs-CRP (0.13 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.10, 0.37, = 0.273). Our study provided evidence to the fact that red meat consumption affected serum lipids levels like TG, but almost had no effect on TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and CRP or hs-CRP. Such diets with red meat should be taken seriously to avoid the problem of high lipid profiles. [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42021240905].